Hong Kong Journal of Nephrology
Volume 11, Issue 1 , Pages 14-19, April 2009

Personal Characteristics and Urinary Stones

  • Fatemeh Shirazi

      Affiliations

    • School of Nursing & Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to: Fatemeh Shirazi, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
    • ,
  • Farangis Shahpourian

      Affiliations

    • Center for Nursing Care Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
    • ,
  • Alice Khachian

      Affiliations

    • School of Nursing & Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
    • ,
  • Fatemeh Hosseini

      Affiliations

    • School of Management & Medical Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
    • ,
  • Anahita Houshiar rad

      Affiliations

    • Nutrition Research Department, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
    • ,
  • Shiva Heidari

      Affiliations

    • School of Nursing & Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
    • ,
  • Mahnaz Sanjari

      Affiliations

    • Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran

Article Outline

Background

Urinary stone disease is a common, painful and costly condition that has affected humankind since antiquity, and there is evidence to show that its incidence has continually increased during past decades. Studies have shown that many extrinsic and intrinsic factors are related to this disease in different population groups. The aim of this study was to identify the personal characteristics that are associated with urinary stone formation.

Methods

All subjects were recruited in the same 7-month period: there were 161 patients with idiopathic renal stone disease and 254 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects. Each participant was individually interviewed with regard to their sociodemographic characteristics and family medical history.

Results

Of patients with renal stones, 66.5% were male; the male to female ratio was 1.98 to 1. The prevalence of renal stone was highest in men aged 30–50 years and in women aged 40–60 years. The main differences between stone formers and healthy subjects were that stone formers had higher body mass index (p = 0.007), lower educational (p = 0.001) and economic (p = 0.037) levels, and more positive family history of urinary stones (p < 0.0001), especially in their siblings. The percentage of unemployed subjects and housekeepers were higher in the case group. The type and duration of employment were significantly different in the two groups (p = 0.014 for type and p = 0.003 for duration). With regard to the job environment (i.e. workplace), most of the individuals in the case group worked outdoors (p = 0.025) and in warm places (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

There are many personal characteristics that might be associated with an elevated risk of renal stone formation. People with high-risk characteristics could be more prone to stone formation and should be more carefully evaluated and followed-up.

Key words:  personal characteristics , urinary stones , urolithiasis

No full text is available. To read the body of this article, please view the PDF online.

 

Back to Article Outline

REFERENCES 

  1. Abdel Goad EH , Bereczky ZB . Metabolic risk factors in patients with renal stones in KwaZulu Natal: an inter-racial study (Asian and Whites) . BJU Int . 2004;93:120–123
  2. Mehralian HA . Assessing the Relationship Between Genetic Factors, Past Medical History and Urolithiasis . Tehran: Tarbiat Modarres University; 2001; [Dissertation][Dissertation]
  3. Tanagho EA , McAninch JW . Smith's General Urology . 5th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000;
  4. Ramello A , Vitale C , Margella M . Epidemiology of nephrolithiasis . J Nephrol . 2000;13:65–70
  5. Rizvi SAH , Naqvi SAA , Hussain Z , Hashmi A , Hussain M , Zafar MN , et al.   The management of stone disease . BJU Int . 2002;89:62–68
  6. Safarinejad MR . Adult urolithiasis in a population-based study in Iran: prevalence, incidence and associated factors . Urol Res . 2007;35:73–82
  7. Anderson RA . A complementary approach to urolithiasis prevention . World J Urol . 2002;20:294–301
  8. Alzahrani H , Norman RW , Thompson C , Weerasinghe S . The dietary habits of idiopathic calcium stone-formers and normal control subjects . BJU Int . 2000;85:616–620
  9. Long C , Phipps WJ , Cassmer VL . Medical Surgical Nursing . St Louis: Mosby Yearbook; 1993;
  10. Anatol T , Pinto Pereira L , Simeon D , Sawh L . Risk factors for urinary tract calculi in Trinidad . Trop Med Int Health . 2003;8:348–353
  11. Sarica K , Altay B , Erturhan S . Effect of being overweight on stone-forming risk factors . Urology . 2008;71:771–774
  12. Lewandowski S , Rodgers AL . Idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis: risk factors and conservative treatment . Clin Chim Acta . 2004;345:17–34
  13. Tefekli A , Tok A , Altunrende F , Barut M , Berberoglu Y , Muslumanoglu AY . Life style and nutritional habits in cases with urinary stone disease . Turk Uroloji Dergisi . 2005;31:113–118
  14. Leonetti F , Dussol B , Berthezene P , Thrion X . Dietary and urinary risk factors for stones in idiopathic calcium stone formers compared with healthy subjects . Nephrol Dial Transplant . 1998;13:617–622
  15. Krieger JN , Kronmal RA , Coxon V , Wortley P , Thompson L , Sherrard DJ . Dietary and behavioral risk factors for urolithiasis: potential implications for prevention . Am J Kidney Dis . 1996;28:195–201
  16. Vupputuri S , Soucie JM , McClellan W , Sandler DP . History of kidney stones as a possible risk factor for chronic kidney disease . Ann Epidemiol . 2004;14:222–228
  17. Robertson WJ , Peacock M . Epidemiological factors in the genesis of calcium-containing urinary stones . In:  Linari F ,  Bruno M ,  Fruttero B ,  Marangella M editor. Metabolic, Physicochemical, and Therapeutic Aspects of Urolithiasis . Milano: Wichting Editor; 1981;p. 5–20
  18. Atan L , Anderson C , Ortiz V , Koga Silva E , Pitta R , Atan F , et al.   High kidney stone risk in men working in steel industry at hot temperatures . Urology . 2005;65:858–861
  19. Cameron MA , Pak CYC . Approach to the patient with the first episode of nephrolithiasis . Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab . 2004;2:265–278
  20. Curhan GC , Willet WC , Knight EL , Stampfer MJ . Dietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in younger women . Arch Intern Med . 2004;2:885–891
  21. Kodama H , Ohno Y . Descriptive epidemiology of urolithiasis . Hinyokika Kiyo . 1989;35:923–934 [In Japanese]

PII: S1561-5413(09)60004-1

doi:10.1016/S1561-5413(09)60004-1

Hong Kong Journal of Nephrology
Volume 11, Issue 1 , Pages 14-19, April 2009

Article Tools